Vitamins

Vitamins are organic compounds needed by the organism as an energy source, but for other vital functions, but for the most part, the metabolism can not synthesize. They must therefore be taken with food. Some vitamins are supplied to the body as a precursor (pro-vitamin), which the body converts it first into the active form. They are divided into fat-soluble vitamins (lipophilic) and water (hydrophilic) vitamins.

In different organisms different substances are vitamins. Thus, for example pigs produce about 100 mg vitamin C / kg body weight, people can do this because of the absence of L-oxidase Galactonolacton not. Thus, vitamin C is not a vitamin for pigs.

Generally only vital for those substances as vitamins, are known. But even with the necessary vitamins for humans, there is an exception that is not actually a vitamin. This exception is vitamin D. The body is in fact to produce themselves in a position to vitamin D, if he gets enough sunlight.

History vitamins

After reading an article by the Dutch physician Christiaan Eijkman occupied by the Polish biochemist Casimir Funk in 1912 intensively with the isolation of the active compound to the vitamin deficiency disease beri-beri, a new hitherto unexplained illness that occurred in Japan and Java. Eijkman was observed in a military hospital in Batavia, in addition to patients (prisoners) and personnel as the chickens in the yard of the hospital, the symptoms of the disease beri-beri (in German: sheep showed gait).

Because the chickens were fed and more recently with the same white, milled rice as the patients and staff, instead of the current with brown rice. Beri-beri was accompanied by paralysis and loss of strength. This disease occurred only after they had been introduced in these European countries, rice husking machines. It has been suggested a deficiency disease. Casimir Funk isolated from rice bran, a substance that could cure the deficiency disease

Between 1920 and 1980 today (2004) were first known vitamins in pure form. For these vitamins are now well known chemical synthesis routes. Diseases resulting from vitamin deficiency, were only the beginning of the 20th Century recognized.

In 1913, the name of the vitamins in large letters of the alphabet by the American biochemist, Elmer McCollum Vermon was introduced. Thus, there was a vitamin A, B, C and D. Then more were added vitamins E and K. In the analysis of foods that contained vitamin B, it turned out that this was anything more than a factor that could eliminate more of the symptoms. Thus, the biologists of vitamin B1, B2 talking, etc.

Vitamins role and function

Vitamins provide in principle for the functioning of the metabolism. Your task is to regulate the recycling of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins and minerals, they provide for their ex-or modification and therefore also intended to produce energy. Vitamins boost the immune system and are essential for the establishment of cells, blood cells, bones and teeth. Each vitamin meets certain tasks. They also differ in terms of their different effects.

Vitamins Appointment

The Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, adopted in 1912, that all essential substances contained an NH2 group. Thus he coined the term "vitamin" (from the Latin vita for life) for amine nitrogen.

Subsequent investigations, however, showed that by far not all vitamins are amines or contain other basic nitrogen atoms. Good examples are the vitamin A (retinol), a nitrogen-free, unsaturated alcohol, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Besides the chemical structure that gives the name of the vitamin are also letters, combined with a number designation, and used common name, vitamins are 13 vitamins as essential:

Vitamins Description

Vitamins are scientifically not chemically uniform group of substances. They are organic compounds, the biological processes in the human (and animal) to regulate the organism. Vitamins include, as well as the minerals and trace elements to the non-energy producing nutrients that the body to preserve his life and his performance absolutely necessary.

Because it is among the vitamins in order to fairly complicated organic molecules, they occur in the inanimate nature does not. Vitamins must first of plants, bacteria or animals are formed. Man is, with few exceptions where it can produce certain vitamins themselves, dependent on the inclusion in the diet. Vitamins are essential substances, which means that they are vital for maintaining health and performance of the human organism. Some vitamins are delivered to the body as a precursor (pro-vitamin), which are converted only in the body in the corresponding active form
Vitamins

Vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K
Vitamins

Vitamin C, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin (nicotinic acid, vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), vitamin B6, biotin (vitamin B7, vitamin H), vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin B12

Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine using carriers or receptors. While vitamin B2 is absorbed by passive transport, made the absorption of vitamin B1, vitamin B12 and vitamin C active.

The water-soluble vitamins are precursors of coenzymes or prosthetic groups of various enzymes.

The following table provides a few examples of the occurrence and effects of the vitamins are called
Literature

R. Kuhn: vitamins and medicine. The chemistry (Applied Chemistry, a new episode)
Klaus Oberbeil: Fit with vitamins. Südwest-Verlag, 2003,
Author Unknown: calories, nutrients, vitamins. Compakt Verlag, 2003
Harald Friesewinkel: Key facts about vitamins. Knauer Verlag, 2004
Hans Konrad Biesalski, Josef Köhrle, Klaus Schuermann: vitamins, trace elements and minerals. Thieme, 2002,
Hans Glatzel: Sense and nonsense of the vitamins. Kohlhammer Verlag, 1987
Hahn, Ströhle, Wolters vitamins. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2005,

 
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